Cybercrime-as-a-service is removing nearly all barriers to entry for committing cybercrime. The Sophos 2023 Threat Report concludes that ransomware remains one of the greatest cybercrime threats to organisations with operators innovating their extortion tactics, as well as how demand for stolen credentials continues to grow.
Criminal underground marketplaces have long made it possible to buy malware and malware deployment services (“malware-as-a-service"), as well as to sell stolen credentials and other data in bulk.
Over the last decade, with the increasing popularity of ransomware, an entire “ransomware-as-a-service" economy sprung up. Now, in 2022, this “as-a-service" model has expanded, and nearly every aspect of the cybercrime toolkit—from initial infection to ways to avoid detection—is available for purchase.
“This isn’t just the usual fare, such as malware, scamming and phishing kits for sale,” said
Sean Gallagher, a principal threat researcher at Sophos says higher-rung cybercriminals are now selling tools and capabilities that once were solely in the hands of some of the most sophisticated attackers as services to other actors.
“For example, this past year, we saw advertisements for OPSEC-as-a-service where the sellers offered to help attackers hide Cobalt Strike infections, and we saw scanning-a-service, which gives buyers access to legitimate commercial tools like Metasploit, so that they can find and then exploit vulnerabilities.”
Sean Gallagher
“The commoditization of nearly every component of cybercrime is impacting the threat landscape and opening up opportunities for any type of attacker with any type of skill level,” he added.
Flourishing cybercriminal marketplace
With the expansion of the “as-a-service" economy, underground cybercriminal marketplaces are also becoming increasingly commodified and are operating like mainstream businesses.
Cybercrime sellers are not just advertising their services but are also listing job offers to recruit attackers with distinct skills. Some marketplaces now have dedicated help-wanted pages and recruiting staff, while job seekers are posting summaries of their skills and qualifications.
Gallagher says early ransomware operators were rather limited in how much they could do because their operations were centralized; group members were carrying out every aspect of an attack. But as ransomware became hugely profitable, they looked for ways to scale their productions.
“So, they began outsourcing parts of their operations, creating an entire infrastructure to support ransomware. Now, other cybercriminals have taken a cue from the success of this infrastructure and are following suit,” he continued.
Ransomware tops the chart
Indeed, as the cybercrime infrastructure has expanded, ransomware has remained highly popular—and highly profitable.
Over the past year, ransomware operators have worked on expanding their potential attack service by targeting platforms other than Windows while also adopting new languages like Rust and Go to avoid detection.
Some groups, most notably Lockbit 3.0, have been diversifying their operations and creating more “innovative” ways to extort victims.
“When we talk about the growing sophistication of the criminal underground, this extends to the world of ransomware,” said Gallagher. “For example, Lockbit 3.0 is now offering bug bounty programs for its malware and ‘crowd-sourcing’ ideas to improve its operations from the criminal community. “
He added that other groups have moved to a ‘subscription model’ for access to their leak data and others are auctioning it off. Ransomware has become, first and foremost, a business.”
Underground economy
The evolving economics of the underground has not only incentivized the growth of ransomware and the “as-a-service" industry, but also increased the demand for credential theft.
With the expansion of web services, various types of credentials, especially cookies, can be used in numerous ways to gain a deeper foothold in networks, even bypassing MFA. Credential theft also remains one of the easiest ways for novice criminals to gain access to underground marketplaces and begin their “career.”
Notable trends
The war in Ukraine had global repercussions for the cyberthreat landscape. Immediately following the invasion, there was an explosion of financially motivated scams, while nationalism led to a shake-up of criminal alliances between Ukrainians and Russians, particularly among ransomware affiliates
Criminals continue to exploit legitimate executables and utilise “living off the land binaries” (LOLBins) to launch various types of attacks, including ransomware. In some cases, attackers deploy legitimate but vulnerable system drivers in “bring your own driver” attacks to attempt to shut down endpoint detection and response products to evade detection.
Mobile devices are now at the centre of new types of cybercrimes. Not only are attackers still using fake applications to deliver malware injectors, spyware, and banking-associated malware, but newer forms of cyber fraud have been growing in popularity, such as “pig butchering” schemes. And this crime is no longer just affecting Android users, but iOS users as well.
The devaluation of Monero, one of the most popular cryptocurrencies for cryptominers, led to a decrease in one of the oldest and most popular types of cryptocrime—cryptomining. But mining malware continues to spread through automated “bots” on both Windows and Linux systems.
